Boot and install with hwe kernel ubuntu что это
Hardware Enablement Stacks
Содержание
What is HWE?
The HWE path can be obtained in 2 ways:
Материал для дальнейшего чтения:
And why should I care? А зачем мне об этом беспокоиться?
Starting Aug 8, 2014 systems running 12.04.2 HWE, 12.04.3 HWE, or 12.04.4 HWE will no longer receive software updates for the kernel and, if you’re running it, the graphics stack.
Начиная с 8 августа 2014 системы с 12.04.2 HWE, 12.04.3 HWE или 12.04.4 HWE больше не будут получать обновлений для ядра и, если он у вас используется, графического стека.
How do I know if I’m affected? Как узнать, что меня это касается?
Tool Утилита
It will become available in package ‘update-manager-core ‘.
Она будет доступна в пакете ‘update-manager-core ‘.
Get it from Launchpad if you want it earlier:
Если она понадобится вам раньше, можете получить её с Launchpad:
Notes on this tool:
Примечания по работе с этой утилитой:
Packages
Check your running kernel version:
Проверьте версию вашего ядра:
This method does not check for a graphics stack HWE. However, you cannot get a HWE graphics stack without a corresponding HWE kernel unless you’ve done things manually. Note that such a combination (HWE graphics with non-HWE kernel) is not supported.
What to do if I’m affected?
You have three options:
У вас есть три варианта:
1. Install 12.04.5 HWE (Trusty kernel/graphics)
The hwe-support-status tool will tell you what you need to do.
Инструмент hwe-support-status сообщит вам, что нужно делать.
2. Upgrade to 14.04 LTS
The hwe-support-status tool will tell you what you need to do.
Инструмент hwe-support-status сообщит вам, что нужно делать.
For both servers and desktops it’s strongly recommended to ensure a system is in a good state before upgrading. Here are some tips:
И для серверов, и для ПК настоятельно рекомендуется убедиться перед обновлением, что система находится в хорошем состоянии. Вот некоторые советы:
3. Fresh install of 14.04 LTS «Чистая» установка 14.04 LTS
FAQ Вопросы и ответы
Not true. Such a system will only stop receiving updates for the kernel and the graphics stack. The rest of the software will continue to get updates. Это не так. Такая система лишь перестанет получать обновления для ядра и графического стека. Остальное ПО по-прежнему будет обновляться.
What is hardware enablement (HWE)?
I see the linux-hwe-generic package as part of the kernels you can install in Ubuntu.
What is hardware enablement (HWE)?
2 Answers 2
Brand new hardware devices are released to the public always more frequently. And we want such hardware to be always working on Ubuntu, even if it has been released after an Ubuntu release. Six months (the time it takes for a new Ubuntu release to be made) is a very long period in the IT field. Hardware Enablement (HWE) is about that: catching up with the newest hardware technologies.
Now, how does Ubuntu want to reach the goal of Hardware Enablement? Using rolling releases for the kernel: as soon as a new kernel is released, it is packaged for Ubuntu, tested (via the proposed pocket and special Q/A methodologies), and made available to Ubuntu users. This method has of course some disadvantages: releasing a new kernel too quickly may introduce some bugs and issues, and may not be suitable for the enterprise.
The solution? Offering different kernels for different users. Therefore Ubuntu will offer at least two kernels: the General Availability (GA) kernel, i.e. the most stable kernel, which does not get updated to point releases; and the Hardware Enablement (HWE) kernel, i.e. the most recent kernel released. This is why you are seeing both the linux-generic and the linux-hwe-generic packages.
Finally, if you are interested in developing or testing the newest kernel technologies, look at the Ubuntu Hardware Debugging web site.
Ubuntu Wiki
LTSEnablementStack
LTS Enablement Stacks
The latest information on the Ubuntu Lifecycle and Release Cadence.
The Ubuntu LTS enablement (also called HWE or Hardware Enablement) stacks provide newer kernel and X support for existing Ubuntu LTS releases. These enablement stacks can be installed manually but are also available when installing with Ubuntu LTS point release media. These newer enablement stacks are meant for desktop and server and even recommended for cloud or virtual images. However, if one wants to remain on the original GA (General Availability) stacks, the options are:
All Ubuntu Desktop 20.04 LTS will ship with an updated kernel by default. Also Ubuntu Desktop certified hardware may use OEM kernel flavour, where required. Server installations will default to the GA kernel and provide the enablement kernel as optional.
The 20.04 LTS HWE Stacks continue to follow Rolling Update Model, as has been in use since 16.04 LTS.
Desktop
It is advised to keep Ubuntu Desktop 20.04 LTS with the kernel flavour picked during installation. It can be either HWE or OEM flavour. Changing to track GA kernel may result in regressions of performance, hardware support, and certified features.
To check if you are on a certified hardware platform execute:
If any meta packages are listed, please refrain from manually changing the kernel flavours.
To downgrade from HWE/OEM to GA kernel:
If NVIDIA drivers are required check appropriate level and install them:
And then install appropriate NNN version of the drivers:
Reboot, interrupt grub, in advanced options elect to boot 5.4 based kernel, complete boot. Check that everything works as expected.
If everything is good, you may remove the other kernel flavours:
Server
Installing the HWE stack is simple:
The 18.04.2 and newer point releases will ship with an updated kernel and X stack by default for the desktop. Server installations will default to the GA kernel and provide the enablement kernel as optional.
The 18.04 HWE Stacks continue to follow Rolling Update Model, as has been in use since 16.04 LTS.
Installing the HWE stack is simple:
Desktop
Server
The 16.04.2 and newer point releases will ship with an updated kernel and X stack by default for the desktop. Server installations will default to the GA kernel and provide the enablement kernel as optional.
The 16.04 HWE Stacks will follow a new Rolling Update Model.
It is highly recommended to read the above documentation before executing the following commands, as the HWE model has changed in 16.04.
Installing the HWE stack is simple:
Desktop
Server
The 14.04.2 and newer point releases will ship with an updated kernel and X stack by default. If you have installed with older media you can use the following to install the newer HWE kernel derived from 16.04 (Xenial):
Desktop
Multiarch Desktop
If you run a multiarch desktop (for example, i386 and amd64 on amd64, for gaming or Wine), you may find you need a slightly more involved command, like this:
Server
Install the HWE kernel derived from 16.04 (xenial):
The 12.04.2 and newer point releases will ship with an updated kernel and X stack by default. The current and supported hardware enablement stack is comprised of the newer kernel and X stacks from 14.04 (Trusty).
Anyone wishing to opt into the hardware enablement stack for Precise may do so running the following commands:
Desktop
Server
Check your support status
If you want a tool to determine if your install is still supported please use hwe-support-status as documented on https://wiki.ubuntu.com/1204_HWE_EOL
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Extended Security Maintenance
Following the end-of-life of Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, Canonical is offering Ubuntu 12.04 ESM (Extended Security Maintenance), which provides important security fixes for the kernel and the most essential user space packages in Ubuntu 12.04. All Ubuntu 12.04 LTS users are encouraged to upgrade to Ubuntu 14.04 LTS or Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. But for those who cannot upgrade immediately, Ubuntu 12.04 ESM updates will help ensure the on-going security and integrity of Ubuntu 12.04 systems.
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS initially released with kernel based on version 3.2. The final hardware enablement kernel, when Ubuntu 12.04 LTS reached end of life, was based on kernel version 3.13. Both kernels are included as part of Ubuntu 12.04 ESM.
For more details on this program, please refer to https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/ESM/12.04
Ubuntu Kernel Release Schedule
The following is a generic view of the Ubuntu release schedule, the kernels delivered, and the support time frames. 14.04, 16.04, and 18.04 will each deliver point release updates respectively (ie. 14.04.x, 16.04.x, 18.04.x) and eventually introduce newer hardware enablement kernels. Please refer to the 14.04.x, 16.04.x, and 18.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support diagrams in the corresponding sections below for more details.
Download Ubuntu Kernel Release Schedule Graphic
14.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support
This is a distilled view of our 14.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule.
Download 14.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule Graphic
16.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support
This is a distilled view of our 16.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule.
Download 16.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule Graphic
18.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support
This is a distilled view of our 18.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule.
Download 18.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule Graphic
Ubuntu Kernel Support
This is a combined view of the diagrams from above (ie the Ubuntu Kernel Release Schedule combined with the Distilled 14.04.x, 16.04.x, and 18.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support diagrams)
Download Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule Graphic
LTS Kernel Support Schedule
A more detailed view of our LTS Kernel Support Schedule. This includes views for 12.04.x, 14.04.x, 16.04.x as well as upstream stable commitments.
Download LTS Kernel Support Schedule Graphic
Kernel/LTSEnablementStack (последним исправлял пользователь nmavrogiannopoulos 2021-11-11 14:23:22)
The material on this wiki is available under a free license, see Copyright / License for details.
hwe kernel что это
Я вижу пакет linux-hwe-generic как часть ядер, которые вы можете установите в Ubuntu.
Что такое аппаратное обеспечение (HWE)?
1 ответ
Совершенно новые аппаратные устройства выпускаются публично чаще. И мы хотим, чтобы такое оборудование всегда работало на Ubuntu, даже если оно было выпущено после выпуска Ubuntu. Шесть месяцев (время, затрачиваемое на выпуск новой версии Ubuntu) — очень длительный период в области ИТ. Аппаратная поддержка (HWE) заключается в том, что: догнать новейшие аппаратные технологии.
Теперь, как Ubuntu хочет достичь цели Hardware Enablement? Использование скользящих выпусков для ядра: как только новое ядро выпущено, оно упаковано для Ubuntu, протестировано (через предлагаемый карман и специальные методы Q / A) и доступно пользователям Ubuntu. Этот метод, конечно, имеет некоторые недостатки: слишком быстрое освобождение нового ядра может привести к некоторым ошибкам и проблемам и может оказаться неприемлемым для предприятия.
Я вижу пакет linux-hwe-generic как часть ядер, которые вы можете установить в Ubuntu.
Что такое аппаратное обеспечение (HWE)?
9 ответов
Новые аппаратные устройства чаще публикуются для публики. И мы хотим, чтобы такое оборудование всегда работало на Ubuntu, даже если оно было выпущено после выпуска Ubuntu. Шесть месяцев (время, затрачиваемое на выпуск новой версии Ubuntu) — очень длительный период в области ИТ. Hardware Enablement (HWE) относится к этому: догоняет новейшие аппаратные технологии.
Теперь, как Ubuntu хочет достичь цели Hardware Enablement? Использование скользящих выпусков для ядра: как только новое ядро выпущено, оно упаковано для Ubuntu, протестировано (через предлагаемый карман и специальные методы Q / A) и доступно пользователям Ubuntu. У этого метода, конечно, есть некоторые недостатки: слишком быстрое освобождение нового ядра может привести к некоторым ошибкам и проблемам и может оказаться неприемлемым для предприятия.
Решение? Предлагает разные ядра для разных пользователей. Поэтому Ubuntu предложит не менее двух ядер: ядро Hardware Enablement (GA), то есть самое стабильное ядро, которое не обновляется до точечных выпусков; и ядро Hardware Enablement (HWE), то есть самое последнее выпущенное ядро. Вот почему вы видите пакеты linux-generic и linux-hwe-generic.
Содержание
What is HWE?
The HWE path can be obtained in 2 ways:
Материал для дальнейшего чтения:
And why should I care? А зачем мне об этом беспокоиться?
Starting Aug 8, 2014 systems running 12.04.2 HWE, 12.04.3 HWE, or 12.04.4 HWE will no longer receive software updates for the kernel and, if you’re running it, the graphics stack.
Начиная с 8 августа 2014 системы с 12.04.2 HWE, 12.04.3 HWE или 12.04.4 HWE больше не будут получать обновлений для ядра и, если он у вас используется, графического стека.
How do I know if I’m affected? Как узнать, что меня это касается?
Tool Утилита
It will become available in package ‘update-manager-core ‘.
Она будет доступна в пакете ‘update-manager-core ‘.
Get it from Launchpad if you want it earlier:
Если она понадобится вам раньше, можете получить её с Launchpad:
Notes on this tool:
Примечания по работе с этой утилитой:
Packages
Check your running kernel version:
Проверьте версию вашего ядра:
This method does not check for a graphics stack HWE. However, you cannot get a HWE graphics stack without a corresponding HWE kernel unless you’ve done things manually. Note that such a combination (HWE graphics with non-HWE kernel) is not supported.
What to do if I’m affected?
You have three options:
У вас есть три варианта:
1. Install 12.04.5 HWE (Trusty kernel/graphics)
The hwe-support-status tool will tell you what you need to do.
Инструмент hwe-support-status сообщит вам, что нужно делать.
2. Upgrade to 14.04 LTS
The hwe-support-status tool will tell you what you need to do.
Инструмент hwe-support-status сообщит вам, что нужно делать.
For both servers and desktops it’s strongly recommended to ensure a system is in a good state before upgrading. Here are some tips:
И для серверов, и для ПК настоятельно рекомендуется убедиться перед обновлением, что система находится в хорошем состоянии. Вот некоторые советы:
3. Fresh install of 14.04 LTS «Чистая» установка 14.04 LTS
FAQ Вопросы и ответы
Not true. Such a system will only stop receiving updates for the kernel and the graphics stack. The rest of the software will continue to get updates. Это не так. Такая система лишь перестанет получать обновления для ядра и графического стека. Остальное ПО по-прежнему будет обновляться.
Not true. 12.04.3 is not 12.04.3 HWE. And since HWE (and thus a new kernel series) cannot be introduced through regular package updates it is possible to update a non-HWE system to arrive at a later point release, such as 12.04.3, and still preserve the EOL date of April 2017. Неверно. 12.04.3 — это не 12.04.3 HWE. And since HWE (and thus a new kernel series) cannot be introduced through regular package updates it is possible to update a non-HWE system to arrive at a later point release, such as 12.04.3, and still preserve the EOL date of April 2017.
Ubuntu Wiki
RollingLTSEnablementStack
Background
We first introduced the idea of a HWE Kernel in the Ubuntu 10.04 LTS release, Lucid Lynx. The HWE kernel was derived and vetted from a newer kernel shipping in a subsequent interim release of Ubuntu. These HWE kernels were released in the LTS point releases as a means to enable newer platforms and components which required functionality delivered in these newer kernels. Both desktop and server images were seeded with the HWE kernel by default in the point release images. In addition to an updated HWE Kernel, for desktop users, an updated X Stack was also delivered. Beginning with Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, Precise Pangolin, it was agreed that users could remain on a HWE stack (ie HWE Kernel + X Stack) until the subsequent HWE Kernel from the next LTS was introduced in the images of the 5th point release of the LTS. Users were then required to upgrade to this final HWE Stack in order to remain supported with security updates and ongoing bug fixes. An example of this is depicted below:
Download 14.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule Graphic
Proposal
Beginning with the Ubuntu 16.04 LTS release, Xenial Xerus, the Kernel and Foundations team proposed moving to a slightly different model for maintaining HWE kernels. Instead of supporting different HWE Stacks in parallel until we reach the final 5th point release of an LTS, we would like to roll users forward incrementally as the newer HWE Stacks are introduced, ie. instantiate a rolling HWE stack. This is best described with the following diagram:
Download 16.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule Graphic
18.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support
This is a distilled view of our 18.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule.
Download 18.04.x Ubuntu Kernel Support Schedule Graphic
The Release Team has also agreed that for 16.04 server images, they will offer both the GA and HWE Kernels. The server images will default to the GA kernel and server installs could then optionally opt into the HWE Kernel stream. Desktop installs will continue to offer the HWE Stack option only and default to it.
Justification
The purpose of the HWE kernels has always intended to be used as a mechanism to deliver support for newer platforms and hardware components requiring functionality provided in a newer kernel. This has allowed Ubuntu to support customers/users with newer hardware but still under the umbrella of an LTS release. Moving to a rolling HWE stack model has no impact on delivering this newer hardware support to users in an LTS.
The HWE Stacks were also meant to be used as a stepping stone to move a customer/user to the next LTS release. The HWE stacks were never meant to be supported for the entire life of the LTS release. Doing so would require some teams to treat every release as an LTS release with multi-year maintenance commitments. We simply do not have the resources and staffing to do so and thus have always required the mandatory upgrade to the final HWE stack delivered in the 5th point release images. Moving to a rolling HWE stack model reinforces the notion of migrating a customer/user to the next LTS release.
The previous HWE stack model required we maintain kernel and Xorg releases in parallel, often well past their natural supported life from the interim release for which they were derived. This was a maintenance burden on teams. Teams would have to incrementally pick up additional package maintenance, and at the worst case, teams were having to maintain up to 4 stacks in parallel. Moving to a rolling HWE stack reduces this burden and allows teams to maintain at most 2 stacks at any given time. It would also never require teams to maintain a stack past its natural supported life in the interim release for which it came from.
Since the previous HWE stack model required we support kernels for longer periods of time, it also meant we had to take on the additional upstream stable kernel maintenance for a given HWE kernel. This again was a staffing burden which is eliminated if we move to a rolling HWE stack model.
Maintaining multiple stacks in parallel also increased the complexity of packaging, testing, and supporting clean upgrade paths. Moving to a rolling HWE stack model greatly simplifies this.
It should also be noted that regardless of sticking with the previous model or moving to a new rolling HWE stack model, users in both cases will be required to upgrade to the final HWE stack delivered in the final point release of the LTS.
Implementation
ga-16.04
Description
The Ubuntu 16.04 LTS release ships with a standard Ubuntu v4.4 kernel. It is commonly referred to as the GA kernel and is supported for the 5yr support window of the LTS. As noted above, both the GA and HWE kernels will be made available for server images, however, server images will default to the GA kernel and offer the latest HWE kernel as optional. Desktop images will only offer the latest HWE kernel beginning with 16.04.2.
Security updates and bug fixes provided as SRU’s to the GA kernel still remain under the GA umbrella for the full 5yrs of support. Stable release updates are still considered ga-16.04 despite them not being shipped in the ISO. For example, 16.04 released with a 4.4.0-21.37 Ubuntu kernel, but it has since updated to 4.4.0-38.57 (at the time of this writing). 4.4.0-38.57 is still considered ga-16.04 despite it not being shipped in the ISO.
In the case of custom kernels, we have communicated to our partners (eg. Amazon, Google, Microsoft), that they can customize their upgrade cadence. They are welcome to adopt our rolling HWE model or not, it’s really at their discretion given it’s their custom kernel. At this time, we do not plan on offering both GA and HWE variations of custom kernels for partners. None have expressed an interest for this. For awareness, custom kernels will follow the naming convention of flavors, eg. linux-aws.
Packages
Update Schedule
The GA kernel will receive continuous stable release updates to address security vulnerabilities and fix general bug escalations. It will continue to remain a v4.4 based kernel for the 5yrs of support for the LTS.
hwe-16.04
Description
This represents the path where HWE Stack users on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS will automatically upgrade to newer HWE Stacks until reaching the final 18.04 HWE Stack in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. Users will then remain on this final 18.04 HWE Stack for the remaining supported life of the Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. If the user fully upgrades to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, they will remain on the GA Kernel delivered in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and will not continue rolling forward on HWE Stacks delivered for 18.04. This is the path that users will be put on if choosing to install the HWE Stack from the 16.04.2 or newer LTS point release.
Packages
Update Schedule
We will roll to the newest HWE Stack offering around the time of the point release introducing that HWE Stack. This is approximately 3mo after the original series is released. As an example, the 16.04.2 point release should take place in January 2017. At this time the linux-headers-generic-hwe-16.04 and linux-image-generic-hwe-16.04 would point to the new v4.8 based kernel.
2 Kernel SRU cycles in advance of the point release shipping date. This will allow daily images to be spun appropriately leading up to the point release and an opportunity to land any necessary bug fixes.
hwe-16.04-edge
Description
This represents the path that provides users early access to the upcoming HWE Stack that is to be released next for the Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. The aim is to provide this early preview in order to allow users to test the upcoming HWE Stack prior to the automatic upgrade taking place. This should help ensure a smooth upgrade and transition. If users wish to remain on this path, they will continue to be provided the latest edge HWE Stack until reaching the final 18.04 HWE Stack in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. Users will then remain on the final 18.04 HWE Stack for the remaining supported life of the Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. If the user fully upgrades to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, they will remain on the GA Kernel delivered in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and will not continue rolling forward on HWE Stacks delivered for 18.04.
Packages
Update Schedule
As mentioned, the kernel version provided by the hwe-16.04-edge path will provide early access to the newer kernel version up to
6mo prior to the hwe-16.04 path receiving the same.
We will introduce the newer edge kernel at each point release. For example, 16.04.1 released in July, 2016. At that time, hwe-16.04-edge would point to the Yakkety kernel currently undergoing development for the 16.10 release. This will allow for a maximum
6mo baking period before being officially delivered and supported in the 16.04.2 time frame. Once hwe-16.04-edge and hwe-16.04 both point to the final Yakkety HWE kernel version they will remain on that kernel until the 16.04.2 point release takes place. Immediately following the 16.04.2 point release, hwe-16.04-edge will again move to point to the Zesty kernel undergoing development (ie. the eventual HWE kernel for 16.04.3).
Backwards Compatibility
The HWE kernel may introduce user facing behavioral changes associated with a kernel version change. That may be intentional (or not) but we will make a best effort to provide backwards compatibility in order to not disrupt user expectations. In the event where userspace changes could be SRU’d to accommodate the intended behavioral change, that would be preferable so that the HWE kernel could track as closely as possible to the interim kernel release from which it is derived.
For an example here are 2 bugs we’ve found in the last 2 weeks with 4.8 entrance into yakkety:
Kernel Livepatching
For clarity, the Canonical Livepatch Service is only available and supported against the generic and lowlatency GA kernel flavours for 64-bit Intel/AMD (aka, x86_64, amd64) builds of the Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial) and 18.04 (Bionic) LTS releases.
Outcome
This will go into effect beginning with 16.04.2.
Kernel/RollingLTSEnablementStack (последним исправлял пользователь xnox 2021-01-27 10:54:20)
The material on this wiki is available under a free license, see Copyright / License for details.