Cohesive devices что это
cohesive devices
1 cohesive
kəuˈhi:sɪv прил.
1) способный к сцеплению, склеиванию;
2) связанный;
сплоченный;
образующий единое целое a cohesive group ≈ сплоченная группа cohesive force ≈ сила сцепления способный к сцеплению связанный сплоченный (специальное) когезионный cohesive связующий
способный к сцеплению
2 devices
3 cohesive
4 labor-saving devices
5 amusement devices
6 cohesive force
7 cohesive soil
8 cohesive termini
9 Engineered lifting devices
10 F&G devices
11 commands devices
12 fire and gas detection devices
13 in a cohesive way
14 automatic devices
15 cohesive attraction
16 non-cohesive soil
17 devices of the devil
Others were afraid, because some preachers said that anesthesia was the work of the devil.
18 CCE devices
19 constant-current electrolytic devices
20 Devices property
См. также в других словарях:
Cohesion (linguistics) — Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence There are two main types of… … Wikipedia
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interior design — 1. the design and coordination of the decorative elements of the interior of a house, apartment, office, or other structural space, including color schemes, fittings, furnishings, and sometimes architectural features. 2. the art, business, or… … Universalium
crystal — crystallike, adj. /kris tl/, n., adj., v., crystaled, crystaling or (esp. Brit.) crystalled, crystalling. n. 1. a clear, transparent mineral or glass resembling ice. 2. the transparent form of crystallized quartz. 3. Chem., Mineral. a solid body… … Universalium
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Интервью с экзаменатором: Как оценивается IELTS Writing или за что снимают баллы – Часть Вторая
May 11th, 2009 · 5 Comments · IELTS, testing and assessment, Writing
Часть Первая
Напомню, что это всё стоит 25% от оценки, и предупрежу, что это тот пункт, где многие изучающие английский в общей своей массе, и носители русского языка в частности, ВАЛЯТСЯ на экзамене, так как некоторые принципы написания эссе в языках различаются.
Более того, есть даже раздел в прикладной лингвистики, который занимается проблемами, обозначенными выше, под названием сontrastive rhetoric, а для преподов английского, которые работают с носителями разных языков есть вот такое чудо – Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-Cultural Aspects of Second Language Writing (Cambridge Applied Linguistics) by Ulla M. Connor – рекомендую к прочтению.
На русском языке я эту тему как-то приглашала пообсуждать на форуме efl.ru – приглашаю и сейчас всех желающих ознакомиться с заметками на тему, что есть Contrastive Rhetoric или почему снижают оценку за эссе, если грамматика и лексика безупречны – возможно Вы найдёте пару строк полезностей:)
Причины снижения оценки за cohesion and coherence :
Что делать, чтобы получить высокий балл за cohesion and coherence :
Продолжение следует:) Если есть вопросы, то email тут
Cohesive Devices
Introduction
Cohesive devices, sometimes called linking words, linkers, connectors, discourse markers or transitional words, are one of the most misunderstood and misused parts of IELTS Writing.
Cohesive devices are words like ‘For example‘, ‘In conclusion‘, ‘however‘ and ‘moreover‘. Together with coherence, cohesion provides 25% of your marks in both parts of the Writing test. However, most students have not been taught how to use them effectively.
This post will look at how and, more importantly, when we should use them.
What are cohesive devices?
Cohesive devices tell the reader what we are doing in a sentence and help to guide them through our writing. They signal to the reader what the relationships are between the different clauses, sentences and paragraphs.
Let’s look at two examples below.
The public transport in this city is unreliable and it’s cheap.
The public transport in this city is unreliable but it’s cheap.
There are two cohesive devices in the sentences above: ‘and’ and ‘but’. Both give the reader different signals and change the meaning of the sentence.
The first sentence tells the reader that ‘it’s cheap’ is simply being added to the previous information, however, the second sentence tells the reader that they are giving a contrasting opinion to the first part of the sentence by using the word ‘but’.
In other words, the second sentence is saying ‘it’s unreliable (which is bad) but the good thing about it is it’s cheap, so I don’t mind using it.’ Simply using the word ‘but’ conveys that whole message without needing to literally say it.
This makes our message more succinct and our writing easier to read. But, does that mean we should use as many cohesive devices as possible?
Overusing Cohesive Devices
The biggest mistakes many students make is to use cohesive devices in nearly every sentence.
If you look at the IELTS Writing Marking Criteria it states that a Band 7 ‘uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use‘. This is typical of a student who knows the meaning and how to use cohesive devices but thinks that using them as much as possible will get them a high mark.
However, using them too much often leads to students using them incorrectly. It is stated for Band 5 that ‘makes inadequate, inaccurate or overuse of cohesive devices‘. In my experience, most students get a Band 5 in this category for this reason. They think that using them as much as possible will get them a high mark, but don’t consider the meaning and how each of them should be used in a sentence.
Band 8 and 9 students tend to only use cohesive devices when necessary and they use them appropriately and effectively i.e. correct meaning and grammar. In fact, many students have criticised Band 9 answers because ‘they don’t have enough discourse markers’. Take a look at the extract below from an academic journal (The Power of Human Rights by Stephen C. Ropp).
This extract is about 200 words long. How many cohesive devices can you see?
Most IELTS students will not be able to produce writing to this very high standard, but you should remember that you don’t get extra marks for lots of cohesive devices, the most important thing is using them accurately (grammar) and appropriately (meaning).
Meaning and Grammar
The next problem students have is learning long lists of cohesive devices and not learning the meaning of each word or how it should be used in a sentence. If you use the wrong word it confuses the reader and this lowers your mark for both coherence and grammar. It is better to use no word than use a word incorrectly.
My advice is to not learn long lists of words. The list below is more than you will ever need and learning more than this will probably just confuse you or take up time that could be used to learn something else. In a 250 word essay you might give 2-3 examples at the most, so why would you learn 10 different ways to give an example? You only have one conclusion, so it seems like a waste of time to learn 5 different ways to do this.
Learn just the words you need and learn them 100%. By 100% I mean that you know exactly what that word means when it should be used in a sentence and how it should be used in a sentence. Until you know all of this 100%, don’t use it.
Finally, don’t try to use very complicated words and expressions, if you are not already comfortable with the simple terms. Being able to use ‘and‘ or ‘but‘ effectively is much better than trying to use more complicated words incorrectly. Again, look at some academic texts or good IELTS sample answers; simple words are used more often than not.
How to Improve
You can’t simply learn a long list of words and then hope you can use these correctly in an essay. That would be like Ronaldo telling you how he scores so many goals and thinking you can do the same thing by just listening to him.
Also, you can’t look at just one example sentence and hope to learn everything you need to know about that word.
If you want to improve do the following:
If you do the following, you will slowly learn how to use cohesive devices effectively. I wish there was a faster way, but like most things in life, hard work and practice is the best and only solution.
Below is a list of more cohesive devices than you will ever need to do well on the IELTS Writing test.
If you want to see how I use them in sample IELTS answers check out our model answers for Writing Task 1 and Writing Task 2.
I hope you found this article useful. If you have any questions or comments, join the conversation on our Facebook page.
For more help with IELTS please check out IELTS Preparation- The Ultimate Guide.
Cohesive devices for IELTS writing and speaking
Cohesive devices for IELTS writing and speaking, как мы хорошо помним, является одним из четырёх параметров, дающих 25% вашему IELTS band score. подробнее о том, как оценивается IELTS writing.
Ниже я привожу список наиболее употребительных Cohesive devices for IELTS, разделив их на группы согласно функционалу.
REFERRING
with regard to — относительно; в отношении; что касается
as for — что касается
in view of this — в связи с этим
STATING YOUR OPINION
It is my opinion that Мое мнение, что
In my opinion, Я полагаю
I firmly believe that Я твердо верю
I am convinced that Я убежден
I do not agree that Я не согласен, что
I am inclined to believe that Я склонен верить, что
As far as I am concerned Что касается меня
In my view, По-моему
From my point of view, С моей точки зрения
It seems to me that Мне кажется, что
From my perspective С моей точки зрения
To my way of thinking По моему мнению
CONDITION
unless, whether, provided that
GIVING EXAMPLES
For example/for instance – например
such as – такие как
particularly, … – в особенности
One typical example of this is … – типичный пример — это
In fact — в действительности, по сути, в самом деле, в сущности, по существу
PEREPHRAZING
in other words — другими словами, иначе говоря
ADDING POINTS
Furthermore — к тому же, кроме того; более того
In addition to — в дополнение к
COMPARING
in comparison with — в сравнении с
in the same way — таким же образом,
likewise — также, аналогично, точно так же, точно так, точно также
CONTRASTING
In contrast to — в отличие, в отличие от, в противоположность
although — хотя, если бы даже
on the contrary — наоборот
GENERALIZING
as a general rule — как правило
generally speaking — вообще говоря
EXPRESSING CERTAINTY
It is hard to argue with the fact that…
It is well-known that…
EXPRESSING PARTIAL AGREEMENT
It might seem that…, however …
EXPRESSING RESULT
A result of her being open is that she is popular – По причине своей открытости она популярна
She is open, therefore she is popular – Она открыта, поэтому и популярна
The outcome of those measures might be – Результат данных мер мог бы быть
The effect of this would be – Результат этого был бы
The reason she is popular is that – Причина, покоторойонапопулярна — это
As a result, they… – В результате
Consequently, – В последствии
as a consequence of — как следствие
for that reason — по этой причине
MAKING CONCLUSION
in conclusion — в заключение
in a nutshell — кратко, в двух словах,
to sum up — подводя итог,
on the whole — в общем, в общем и целом
SEQUENCING
First of all, …/ To begin with, … /On the one hand, …/ The first point to bear in mind is that…
to begin with — во-первых,
finally — в заключение,
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Cohesive Devices in IELTS Writing
Связность является очень важным аспектом письменных ответов IELTS Writing.
Если вы хотите получить высокий балл за письменные задания, вам нужно знать способы построения логичных абзацев, где все предложения и идеи связаны между собой.
Существуют различные способы сделать плавные переходы между вашими идеями:
1. Используйте слова “во-первых”, “во-вторых”, “в-третьих” и т. д. Это позволит экзаменатору легче следить за развитием ваших идей. Например:
2. Повторение также может быть полезным. Вы можете повторить ключевые идеи, используя синонимы.
3. Указательные местоимения (например, “эти”, “те”, “это”, “это” могут заменить частые слова в вашем эссе, так вы избежите ненужных повторений.
Cohesion is a very important aspect of IELTS writing tasks. Cohesion is how you link all the ideas present in your work.
If you want to get a high score for the writing tasks, you need to know the best ways to build clear and logical paragraphs where all the sentences are tied together.
Keep in mind that just by using transition devices you won’t make your work coherent! You’re to provide the reader with the main thought.
The transition devices just help a reader to follow the path that you’ve outlined. Therefore, you’re to build a solid topic sentence and then provide a clear and logical argument for it in the supporting sentences where you take advantage of the transition devices as well. In other words, transitions serve as bridges between your sentences and paragraphs.
There are different ways to make transitions:
1. Use linking words firstly, secondly, thirdly etc. These are quite straightforward and make it easier for the examiner to follow the progression of your ideas.
2. Repetition can also be beneficial sometimes. It refers to the situation when by using repetition you improve comprehension. It means that you can repeat key points of your ideas using synonyms.
3. Demonstratives – devices that show what we referred to previously. For example, these, those, that, this. Under no condition should you use it in your topic sentence. Demonstratives are only to be used in the supporting ones when a reader already knows what you’re talking about.
They have proven that it is a dangerous phenomenon, in fact it has accelerated and is becoming ever more unpredictable, this is the view of most of the legal profession, regarding global warming.
The sentence above is HORRIBLE.
I have to read all the way to the end until I can understand what the writer is referring to (global warming)!
Writing like the above creates a lot of reader strain! How do we correct it?
Lawyers have proven that global warming is a dangerous phenomenon, in fact it has accelerated and is becoming ever more unpredictable.